| Consonants (where no other indication is given, the consonants are pronounced as in English) | |
| b | at the end of a word, pronounced as p |
| c | before a consonant, at the end of a word and before a, o, u pronounce as k; before e and i pronounce as s |
| ch | as ch in English 'loch' |
| d | at the end of a word pronounced as t |
| g | most often as ch in 'loch', but sometimes as the s in English 'treasure' in words of French origin |
| j | as the y in English 'yes' |
| ng | as ng in English 'song' |
| r | should be rolled |
| sch | as s followed by Dutch ch |
| t | as ts in words ending in tie |
| th | as English t |
| tj | as t followed by English y |
| v | between English v and f |
| w | between English v and w |
| Vowels | |
| a | short as in English 'father' in single-syllable words and when followed by more than one consonant; long like the English 'ah' (but more open) before a single consonant followed by another syllable |
| aa | long a |
| au | as in English 'loud' |
| e | short as in English 'bed' in single-syllable words and when followed by more than one consonant; long as in English 'say' before a single consonant followed by another syllable |
| ee | long e |
| ei | between English 'eye' and 'keep' |
| eu | as in French 'peu' |
| i | short as in English 'hit' in single-syllable words and when followed by more than one consonant; long as in English 'see' before a single consonant followed by another syllable |
| ie | as in English 'see' |
| ieuw | English ee followed by English oo |
| iu | as Dutch ieuw (see above) |
| ij | as Dutch ei (see above) |
| o | short as in English 'stop' in single-syllable words and when followed by more than one consonant' long as in English 'boat' before a single consonant followed by another syllable |
| oo | long o |
| oe | as in English 'moon' |
| ou | as in English 'loud' |
| u | short as in English 'dirt', pronounced very short in single-syllable words and when followed by more than one consonant; long as in Scottish 'Muir' before a single consonant followed by another syllable |
| uu | long u |
| ui | pronounce ou as in English 'house' with tightly rounded lips and tongue against bottom teeth |